As the PVS is solely directed with the veins, harm to non-venous comfortable tissues is prevented. Tissues like nerve, artery and lymphatic vessels are spared. Considering that June 1988 we have utilised the PVS treatment as outpatient surgical procedure below local anaesthesia. Neither electrosurgery nor a suction equipment is required https://www.sgvascularctr.com/understanding-venous-leak-treatment-in-singapore/